Are you interested in criminal law and the intersection between liability and technology? Do you want to be part of a research team that is exploring the boundaries of criminal law and investigating how new advancements in Artificial Intelligence are reshaping the landscape of accountability? If so, apply to this PhD position and join us at the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology at Maastricht University. Job Description Research project: Adjudicating Criminal Liability in Multifactorial Technological Scenarios. Over the past 50 years, our society (and our legal systems) has ceased to view disasters as “acts of fate” to be dealt with only after their occurrence. In this day and age, catastrophes are seen as a phenomenon to be prevented. It follows that when things go wrong, and disasters occur, someone must be held accountable. The undesired event which results from a failure of such systems, i.e., a catastrophe, is of a multifactorial nature: it can be caused by a combination of natural and technological factors, such as omissive conducts of multiple subjects, decisions taken in split-second scenarios, structural deficiencies of the system, and, in some cases, even by the conduct of the victims themselves. It follows that ascribing the fault of an accident to a single “root cause” (as it is in the case of criminal proceedings) appears to be an inherently flawed process. The recent evolution in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has led to introduction of AI-based safety enhancing features and accident prevention systems. These systems can have different duties, such as observing and assessing a person’s fitness to perform a specific high-risk task and issuing warnings/take-over requests. The introduction of these systems leads to the emergence of cooperative actions between the AI system and the human agent, which, again, leads to shared responsibility. This might have relevant consequences on the attribution of criminal liability. On the one hand, there might be the need pose new questions and, on the other hand, to evaluate the need for new answers to old questions. Moreover, the same evaluations will then enter the criminal trial and may be used as evidence against the defendant. Rules of criminal procedure might not be equipped to deal with this new type of evidence. Differently from other types of “traditional evidence”, establishing reliability, accuracy, and credibility of AI-evidence could be challenging due to its characteristics, such as its opaque nature. One could also question its relevance and probative value. These aspects impact questions of admissibility in court. Other relevant issues include the fact that AI systems cannot be questioned – at least not in the same ways as humans can – even by those who created them (black box issue); and the risk of imposing an unfair burden on the defendant, who usually is in a position of economical inferiority in comparison to the prosecution and lacks access to the tools to challenge the AI-based evidence. In order to address these questions, two streams of research have been identified: The impact of AI systems in the criminalization of humans in macro events of harm: What happens if the decision of the human agent is partially substituted or aided by an AI system? What is the impact of AI on the shaping of criminal negligence standards for human operators? Could AI systems be included in the duty of care? AI-generated evidence as a new type of scientific evidence: Are existing legal rules adequate to address AI-evidence? What are the differences, if any, between AI- and other types of “typical” evidence? How should elements such as relevance, reliability, accuracy, veracity and probative value of AI-evidence be assessed? The candidate is expected to present an original research project that fits into one of the two research streams identified above. Please note that the questions provided are prompts to help the candidate develop their own research question and are not exhaustive. The supervisory team will be composed of

dr. Alice Giannini and prof. dr. André Klip . The candidate will: Determine a specific research focus within the research project described above; Regularly meet with the supervisory team to discuss progress; Write and defend a PhD thesis, either in the form of submitted/published articles or a monograph; Teach courses coordinated by the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, amounting to 0.2fte of the full appointment; Take active part in the supervisory team’s research activities and grant applications; Take active part in the Criminal Law and Criminology Department’s and Maastricht Institute of Criminal Sciences’ research projects and activities; Take part in training by the Graduate School of Law at Maastricht University; Organize events and conferences. Requirements We are seeking a highly motivated candidate with a completed university master’s degree (or research master) in Law – preferably with a specialization in criminal and criminal procedural law, criminology or other discipline relevant for this PhD position. Moreover, the ideal candidate should possess the following skills: Excellent writing skills, preferably evidenced by an excellent MA thesis; Strong interest in scientific research and demonstrable research skills; Ability to work in a team and share knowledge in an open and inclusive working environment; Ability to conduct research in a self-driven and independent manner; Fluent written and oral English. Good command of Dutch and/or other languages is also a plus. What we offer As

a PhD

at the

Faculty of Law

, you will be employed by the most international university in the Netherlands, located in the beautiful city of Maastricht. In addition, we offer you: Good employment conditions. The position is graded in scale PhD according to UFO profile PhD, with corresponding salary based on experience ranging from €2770,00 in the first year and €3539,00 gross per month in the fourth year (based on a full-time employment of 38 hours per week). In addition to the monthly salary, an 8.0% holiday allowance and an 8.3% year-end bonus apply. An employment contract for a period of 12 months with a scope of 1.0 FTE. Upon a positive evaluation, an extension of 3 years will follow. At Maastricht University, the well-being of our employees is of utmost importance, we offer flexible working hours and the possibility to work partly from home if the nature of your position allows it. You will receive a monthly commuting and internet allowance for this. If you work full-time, you will be entitled to 29 vacation days and 4 additional public holidays per year, namely carnival Monday, carnival Tuesday, Good Friday, and Liberation Day. If you choose to accumulate compensation hours, an additional 12 days will be added. Furthermore, you can personalize your employment conditions through a collective labor agreement (CAO) choice model. As Maastricht University, we offer various other excellent secondary employment conditions. These include a good pension scheme with the ABP and the opportunity for UM employees to participate in company fitness and make use of the extensive sports facilities that we also offer to our students. Last but certainly not least, we provide the space and facilities for your personal and professional development. We facilitate this by offering a wide range of training programs and supporting various well-established initiatives such as 'acknowledge and appreciate'.

The terms of employment at Maastricht University are largely set out in the collective labor agreement of Dutch Universities. In addition, local provisions specific to UM apply. For more information, click here . At Maastricht University (UM), everything revolves around the future. The future of our students, as we work to equip them with a solid, broad-based foundation for the rest of their lives. And the future of society, as we seek solutions through our research to issues from all around the world. Our six faculties combined provide a comprehensive package of study programmes and research. In our teaching, we use the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) method. Students work in small groups, looking for solutions to problems themselves. By discussing issues and working together to draw conclusions, formulate answers and present them to their peers, students develop essential skills for their future careers. With over 22,300 students and more than 5,000 employees from all over the world, UM is home to a vibrant and inspiring international community. Are you drawn to an international setting focused on education, science and scholarship? Are you keen to contribute however your skills and qualities allow? Our door is open to you! As a young European university, we value your talent and look forward to creating the future together. Faculty of Law The Faculty of Law at Maastricht University is a top-quality provider of challenging and rewarding Dutch and European legal education at bachelor’s, masters and PhD-level. A true pioneer in small-scale education and the teaching of legal skills for a broad range of future legal professionals.

The clear research focus on European and international aspects of law and technology. On the empirical dimension of law provides both students and staff with a stimulating work environment. The faculty values its open and inclusive community, which contributes to creating a productive and pleasant place for work and study. The Faculty of Law offers a wide range of bachelor and master's programs. Would you like to learn more about our programs? Visit our website for more information on the courses, career perspectives, and admission requirements of our programs.

Department The Department of Criminal Law and Criminology offers courses which touch upon a variety of topics related to the theoretical and practical application of criminal law and criminology. The Department is on charge of the Master’s Programme Forensics, Criminology and Law. Research at the department is interdisciplinary and covers the fields of criminal law, criminology, psychology, neurosciences, and forensics. Our main area of interest is examining how criminal justice systems and implemented and how they resonate at both, the societal and individual level. Research is carried out at both national and international level and is embedded within the Maastricht Institute for Criminal Sciences. Curious? Are you interested in this exciting position but still have questions? Feel free to contact Alice Giannini at a.giannini@maastrichtuniversity.nl

for more information. Applying? Or are you already convinced and ready to become our new PhD researcher in Criminal Law? Apply now, no later than 25 August 2024, for this position. Please upload the following documents: Your research proposal, following the official UM’s Faculty of Law format (available here ). Please note that other formats will not be accepted; A detailed CV, including relevant publications; Academic transcript and diploma of: 1) Bachelor’s and 2) Master’s; A 2-page motivation letter, indicating your motivation to work with us, your research interest, and experience related to the research field; A Master’s thesis or another substantial piece of writing in English or Dutch; Contact information of 2 referees. An assessment will be part of the application procedure. The first interviews preferably take place on 6 September 2024. If necessary, a second round of interviews will be scheduled soon thereafter. The start date of this position is 1 December 2024. The vacancy is open for internal and external candidates. In case of equal qualifications, internal candidates will be prioritized. Maastricht University is committed to promoting and nurturing a diverse and inclusive community. We believe that diversity in our staff and student population contributes to the quality of research and education at UM, and strive to enable this through inclusive policies and innovative projects led by teams of staff and students. We encourage you to apply for this position.

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